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- THE IMPORTANCE OF ANIMAL RESEARCH
- by: Josh Wakefield
- wakesjn@auburn.campus.mci.net
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- Research on animals is important in understanding diseases and
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- developing ways to prevent them. The polio vaccine, kidney transplants,
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- and heart surgery techniques have all been developed with the help of
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- animal research. Through increased efforts by the scientific community,
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- effective treatments for diabetes, diphtheria, and other diseases have been
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- developed with animal testing.
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- Animal research has brought a dramatic progress into medicine.
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- With the help of animal research, smallpox has been wiped out worldwide.
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- Micro-surgery to reattach hearts, lungs, and other transplants are all
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- possible because of animal research. Since the turn of the century,
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- animal research has helped increase our life-span by nearly 28 years.
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- And now, animal research is leading to dramatic progress against AIDS and
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- Alzheimer's disease.
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- Working with animals in research is necessary. Scientists need to
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- test medical treatments for effectiveness and test new drugs for safety
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- before beginning human testing. Small animals, usually rats, are used to
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- determine the possible side effects of new drugs. After animal tests have
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- proven the safety of new drugs, patients asked to participate in further
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- studies can be assured that they may fare better, and will not do worse
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- than if they were given standard treatment or no treatment.
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- New surgical techniques first must be carefully developed and
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- tested in living, breathing, whole organ systems with pulmonary and
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- circulatory systems much like ours. The doctors who perform today's
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- delicate cardiac, ear, eye, pulmonary and brain surgeries, as well as
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- doctors in training, must develop the necessary skills before patients'
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- lives are entrusted to their care. Neither computer models, cell cultures,
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- nor artificial substances can simulate flesh, muscle, blood, and organs like
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- the ones in live animals.
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- There is no alternative to animal research. Living systems are
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- complex. The nervous system, blood and brain chemistry, and gland
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- secretions are all interrelated. It is impossible to explore, explain or
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- predict the course of many diseases or the effects of many treatments
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- without observing and testing the entire living system.
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- Cell and tissue cultures, often suggested as "alternatives" to using
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- animals, have been used in medical research for many years. But these are
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- only isolated tests. And isolated tests will yield only isolated results,
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- which may bear little relation to a whole living system. Scientists do not
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- yet know enough about living systems or diseases, nor does the technology
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- exist, to replicate one on a computer. The information required to build
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- a true computer model in the future will be based on data drawn from
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- today's animal studies.
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- Primates represent only about 1/3 of 1 percent of animals in
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- research. But during the last half century, research using primates has
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- led to major medical breakthroughs, most notably in the treatment of polio
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- and Rh disease. Vaccines have reduced the cases of polio in the U.S. from
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- 58,000 to one or two a year at present.
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- Scientists are learning how the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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- works by studying its non-human primate counterpart, the Simian
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- Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in monkeys. The SIV model is useful in
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- testing drugs for AIDS. In addition, the HIV virus survives in certain
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- kinds of monkeys and although it does not kill the animals, it can be
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- removed from them. This may prove useful in testing an AIDS vaccine.
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- Researchers are studying rhesus macaque monkeys to explore ways
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- to reduce multiple organ failure following hypotensive shock, a loss of
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- blood pressure due to loss of blood. Researchers have hypothesized that
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- damage to the organs occur within the first few minutes after blood flow
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- is reestablished, when a certain kind of white blood cell attaches to
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- walls of blood vessels and releases toxic substances. The researchers
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- reasoned that if, just before blood flow is reestablished, a substance
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- that prevents the white blood cells from attaching to the vessel walls
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- were injected into the blood stream, it might prevent the release of their
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- toxic contents and avoid multiple organ damage. It is expected that this
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- new technique will prove effective in human patients.
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- Researchers are studying obesity in monkeys in hopes of finding a
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- way to control body weight. Scientist are also using monkeys to study
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- Taurine deficiency, which causes vision problems, and zinc deficiency,
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- which causes growth retardation among infants and fetuses.
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- Researchers are currently studying to see whether reduced caloric
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- intake can slow the rate of aging. This effect has already been observed
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- in lower animals, and if it holds true in primates, it would be a strong
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- indication that humans might be able to increase their life spans by eating
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- less.
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- Primates have the same number and relative size of teeth as humans.
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- Macaque monkeys have been studied by dental researchers to link a specific
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- bacterium to the growth of periodontitis, which affects 75 percent of all
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- adults and causes 70 percent of adult tooth loss. A non-steroidal,
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- anti-inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen, has been shown to be effective in
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- halting the progression of periodontal disease.
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- Since the 1920s, scientists have studied primates in order to
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- understand their ability to communicate. They have discovered that
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- chimpanzees and other apes have the ability to learn and use language.
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- Scientists already have applied their findings toward developing a special
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- language for severely mentally retarded children, as well as young adults
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- with little or no linguistic competence, who cannot learn language as
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- normal children do.
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- People should ensure that an end is not put to progress in animal
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- research. Biomedical researchers know that an animal in distress is simply
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- not a good research subject. Researchers are embarked on an effort to
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- alleviate misery, not cause it. And remember, if we want to defeat the
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- killer diseases that still confront us, such as AIDS and Alzheimer's,
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- cancer, heart disease, and many others, the misguided fanatics of the
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- animal-rights movement must be stopped. Think about it, it could some day
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- be your life or your children's.
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